Scarlet MacawAra macaoWhere and when to see them

The scarlet macaw is a large tropical American parrot whose brilliant plumage is surprisingly effective at breaking up its outline among sunlit leaves. Costa Rica supports important populations, particularly in Pacific lowland forests, although habitat loss and historical trapping have reduced its distribution elsewhere. Long wings and a streaming tail carry birds between scattered feeding trees, while a powerful bill opens foods that many smaller birds cannot use.

Size

81–96 cm total length

Weight

0.9–1.2 kg

Lifespan

Not reliably established

Status

Least Concern

Scarlet macaws usually travel as pairs or family parties, sometimes gathering in larger groups at feeding trees and communal roosts. Partners maintain their bond through close contact and mutual preening. They nest in large tree cavities rather than building exposed nests. Loud, rough calls help birds remain in contact across forest gaps, and young birds continue learning feeding routes and food handling from their parents. Courtship displays involve mutual preening, head bobbing, and regurgitation of food. Breeding pairs typically raise one to two chicks per season, with both parents sharing incubation and feeding duties. Their strong pair bonds can last for many years, often for life.

• The upper bill can move relative to the skull, helping manipulate tough foods.
• Its two forward-facing and two backward-facing toes work like a gripping hand.
• Pairs use existing tree cavities and do not excavate a complete nest hole themselves.
• The long central tail feathers account for a substantial part of its total length.

Macaws can be observed throughout the year in established Costa Rican populations. December through April often offers easier access and clearer mornings on the Pacific coast. Local fruit availability and daily movements matter more than a single national viewing season. While generally observable year-round, successful fledging of young typically occurs from February to April, potentially offering sightings of entire family groups. During the dry season, fruit sources can become more concentrated, drawing birds to fewer, more predictable locations. Riverboat tours can offer excellent perspectives during this time.

They occupy tropical lowland forest, seasonally dry woodland, forest edges and wooded agricultural landscapes where substantial trees survive. In Costa Rica, coastal forest and mangrove margins can provide feeding and travel corridors, but mature cavity-bearing trees remain essential for nesting. They are highly dependent on large, old-growth trees for nesting and roosting, which are often targets for logging. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are major threats to their populations. Reforestation efforts using native tree species are crucial for their long-term survival.

Seeds, nuts and fruits form the main diet, supplemented by flowers and other plant material. The bill cracks resistant shells, while the muscular tongue manipulates food precisely. Birds move among trees as different species fruit rather than relying on one crop. Clay licks, rich in minerals, are also frequented by macaws, likely to neutralize toxins from unripe fruits or aid digestion. Young birds learn which plants are safe to eat and how to extract nutrients from them by observing their parents. This learned dietary knowledge is passed down through generations.

Common name

Scarlet Macaw

Scientific name

Ara macao

Animal group

Birds

Size

81–96 cm total length

Weight

0.9–1.2 kg

Lifespan

Not reliably established

Status

Least Concern

Identification

Unlike the related red-and-green macaw, the scarlet macaw has a broad yellow wing band and largely unfeathered white facial skin without prominent red feather lines. Their brilliant red plumage covers most of their body, contrasting sharply with the bright yellow and blue on their wings and tail. The extensive red on the shoulder and upperwing coverts distinguishes it from other large macaws. They are among the largest and most colorful parrots in the world.